Power subsystem Microsatellite

Power subsystem Microsatellite This subsystem is responsible for supplying power to the entire satellite, converting solar cell energy to on-board battery energy, and distributing power to various other subsystems. The power subsystem of the microsatellite is designed for a remote sensing mission to carry out on sun-synchronous orbits at 700 km altitude at an inclination of 98.19 degrees. The payload of the microsatellite includes a multispectral remote sensing camera which takes picture of polar region in a visible spectrum and a surrey GPS receiver especially designed for low earth orbit. Microsatellite payload weighs 5 kg and with a mean power consumption of 9W. Sub-system power budget is estimated according to the payload power requirement with 15 percent margin. Total estimated power requirement for the microsatellite is 70W. Microsatellite subsystem Power Allocation :- End Of Life Estimated Microsatellite Power 70 W Subsystem % of Operating Power Power (W) Payload 15 10.5 LSTS Bus Propulsion 0 0 Thermal Control 10 7 Attitude Control 15 10.5 Power 15 10.5 Communications 20 14 C D Handling 10 7 Structure 0 0 Margin 15 10.5 Total 100 70 The power subsystem of the microsatellite is designed for Low Earth Orbit for five years period. The power estimated for subsystem has a 15% contingency margin. Primary power source for the satellite is the solar array that is body mounted on the microsatellite. The satellite is in near polar sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 700 km, total orbital period of the satellite is 98.77 min. The microsatellite experience eclipse for about 35.29 min. Solar array for the microsatellite is designed according to the mission requirement. Batteries are secondary power source during the eclipse when no sun light is available. The selection of the solar cell and batteries are made according to power required end of life of the satellite and trade study between different solar cell and batteries but decision is made to satisfy the estimated mass size and power budget of the satellite. As the satellite is a cube shaped and spins stabilized body mounted solar panels to places on all the four sid es of the satellite for a uninterrupted supply of power to the subsystems. Altitude 700.00 km Earths Radius 6,378.00 km Total Power Requirement (const. day and night) 70.00 Watts Earths Gravitational Constant 3,98,600.00 km2/s2 Power transfer efficiencies:- Xd 0.85 Xe 0.75 Inherent Degradation Id 0.80 Worst Case(ÃŽ ¸ deg) 23.00 (deg) Mission Life (yrs) 5.00 (Yrs) Life time Degradation (Ld) 0.98 Angle ÃŽ ± (rad) 1.12 (rad) Angle ÃŽ ± (deg) 64.30 (deg) Orbital Peroid (P) (sec) 5,926.21 (sec) Maximum Eclipse Peroid (Tn) (sec) 2,117.08 (sec) Minimum Power Sunlight (Td) (sec) 3,809.12 (Sec) Average Solar array power (Psa) (W) 134.23 W Multijunction Solar (GainP/GaAs) Po 301.00 W/m2 BOL Power (Pbol) 221.66 W/m2 EOL Power Requirement (Peol) 216.17 W/m2 Solar array Area (m2) 0.62 m2 Mass of Solar Array (kg) 3.36 kg Solar array weight ( body mounted so Msa x 4 ) 13.42 kg The primary power source of the microsatellite is chosen to be Multijunction Solar cells (GainP/GaAs). These solar cells have an efficiency of 23 percent and most advanced for their category. The required solar panel area of the microsatellite to sufficiently support the power requirement of the microsatellite subsystem is 0.62 m2 but for a body mounted microsatellite, all the four faces of the cube shaped satellite will have the following area. The estimated weight of the solar panels is 3.4 kg and the total weight of all the panels on the satellite is 13.5 kg. The main advantage of the body mounted solar panels is such that they have more life expectancy as they are not exposed to radiation for a long time, but it is compensated with the additional weight of the solar panels. The primary power source should be able to generate 135 Watts of power to sustain the power requirement of the subsystems as well as enough to charge the batteries as they are the secondary power source of the mission. For Given Ni H cell Assuming Data for 700 km altitude Energy Density 100.00 W.h/kg DOD 1.60 0.27 log10 [cycles] Power during Eclipse 70.00 W Altitude 700.00 km Battery Voltage 28.00 Volts Xb-l 0.90 No .of eclipes per day 15.00 5 year Mission Orbital Peroid (P) (sec) 5,926.21 Sec Time of Night (Tn) (sec) 2,117.08 Sec Eb (energy supplied during eclipse) (W.h) 45.74 W.h Cycles 26,607.25 Depth Of Discharge (DOD) 0.41 1a)Ebcap (energy battery capacity required) (W.h) 112.87 W.h 1b) Battery Capacity (A.h)(assuming voltage is 28 v) 4.03 A.h 2. Total Battery Mass (kg) 1.13 Kg The secondary power source is required to generate power during eclipse in the orbit to sustain microsatellite subsystems. The secondary power source for the mission is chosen to be NiH batteries as they are good for long cycle life and they have advantage of mass and volume over most of the current batteries available. They have good specific energy density of 50 W.hr/kg. The main advantage of these batteries is such that they are widely used in space mission and constantly updated with new technologies. They have depth of discharge of 40% that is good for this kind of mission. Total secondary power source weight is 2.3 kg. (((((((((( References SMAD and System Integration Aegis)))))))) Communication subsystem The communications subsystem is the lead for the interface between the satellites and the ground stations. The communications subsystem helps in demodulating the received uplink signals and transmitting downlink signals .The subsystem also helps us to maintain a track over the satellite by transmitting received range tones and by acting as logic between receive and transmitted signals. Data Rate The remote sensing microsatellite is designed for a Low Earth orbit at an altitude of 700 km. The payload of the satellite is a multispectral camera that takes picture of the poles in visible spectrum. The 20 degrees minimum elevation angle and a resolution of 50 is assumed for the satellite and the data rate is calculated for the satellite. Altitude (km) 700.00 Radius of Earth (km) 6378.14 Orbit Peroid (mins) 98.77 Ground Velocity ( km/s) 6.76 Node Shift (∆L = S) (deg) 24.76 ÃŽ µ (deg) 20.00 ÃŽ · (deg) 57.86 Zc 27818.52 Za 133.06 Z 3701467.63 DR (Visible)(bps) 37014676.33 Maximum Time in View (min) 6.66 The data rate calculated is 37Mbps adding 10 percent margin data required to send back to ground station is estimated to 40Mbps. Band Link Technology For the current microsatellite mission an S-Band telecommunication system is researched, analyzed, and chosen as the best system for establishing communication between satellite and the ground station. Application Specifications Downlink Rate Max 2.5Mbps Power RF Output .4W Power Consumption 3.4W Weight 420g Volume 190X135X22 mm3 The table above shows the specification if the Surrey Satellite S band communication system transmitter details. This has an advantage of low mass, power and data rate which completely satisfy the mission constrains. The above transmitter system also has a S-Band antenna for this transmitter which has specifications as follows.(((((((((((((((((((memo com2 // surrey satellite)))) Specifications Number of Antennas Needed 4 3dB Beamwidth  ± 35 ° Weight 80g Volume 82X82X20 mm3 Link Budget Link budget for the system S band communication system is designed considering the factor to transmitting the data rate of 40Mps within 6.5mins or 400 sec. The link budget is a process of accounting all the possible gains and losses during transmitting and receiving the signals from transmitter to receiver. The equations below are used to determine link budget: Total spacecraft received power (uplink budget) Uplink Signal to Noise ratio (Will help determine probability of bit error) Total Ground Station received Power (downlink budget) Downlink Signal to Noise ratio (Will help determine probability of bit error) 2.4.1 Slant Range The Slant range was calculated as follows for a 5 degree elevation angle. 2.4.2 Attenuation of the Signal The biggest contributor to the attenuation of the signal is free space loss. There are many other losses such as cable loss, polarization loss, cloud, rain, etc. The frequency used for the S-Band calculation is 2.2GHz. Atmospheric loss is caused by absorption due to such factors as oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere. Atmospheric, rain, clouds and ionosphere scintillation were assumed to be 0.5dB for 2.2GHz. Further investigation into these effects needs to be completed next semester. With X-Band the total loss due to these factors was calculated to be 0.76dB. S-Band is expected to have a much lower loss. Polarization loss was estimated from [9] 2.4.3 Calculating EIRP There will be passive losses in the equipment such as losses in the coax cables. This number was used from the previous year. Power transmitted was obtained from the specification on the Surrey transmitter as 0.4 Watts. Looking at the Co-Polar gain on Figure 2 it is seen that there is a gain of at least 0dB for angles between +/- 70 °. 2.4.4 Ground Station Antenna Gain Using an antenna that is 4.5m in diameter with efficiency of 0.55 the gain is calculated as follows: 2.4.5 Signal to Noise Calculation The signal to noise ratio will determine the Bit Error Rate (BER), as determined from the following graph [8]. From this graph it can be seen that to obtain a Bit Error Rate of 10-5 which is typical of space missions, a signal to noise ratio of 4.4 dB is needed. The Link Budget calculations will determine if the system will meet the 4.4 dB of signal to noise ratio at the ground station. System Noise is a function of temperature and was determined from table 13-25 [2]. 4.8dB is above the minimum 4.4dB theoretical signal to noise ratio required. This leaves only a 0.4dB margin which needs to be approved upon. The output RF power could easily be increased from 0.4Watts by using an amplifier, but would be at the expense of the satellite power budget. The Surrey Satellite equipment is a viable solution. Thermal Subsystem The thermal control subsystem is the integral part of the satellite design. It helps out all the components that are exposed to thermal environment are not affected badly. Thermal control subsystem accomplish safe working of all the satellite subsystems and their components by constituting a thermal model.The following process includes inputs from different subsystem of the satellite by identifying the thermal loads that will acting on them during the mission lifetime as well as their operating tempertature for the smooth running of the mission. Thermal Loads The satellite experience or exposed to thermal enviroment during gound testing, transportation, launch , orbit transfer and operational orbits. The thermal environment concerned is during its operation in space. There are four main loads acts on the satellite during its mission.(smad) Direct Solar Radiation: The main source of direct solar radiation is the Sun. It is major source of environmental heating on the satellite, it is a stable energy source and it constant to the fraction of second. The intensity of the sunlight on the earths mean distance of 1 Astronomical unit (AU) is 1367 W/m2. Earths Albedo: Albedo is the reflected sunlight reflected from earth . It is highly as it is the fraction of incident sunlight that is refected back to space. Refletivity increases over land rather than in oceans. Reflectitivy increases with decreasing local solar -elevation angle. Earths Infrared Energy: It is also refereed as blackbody radiation, all incident sunlight do not reflected back as abledo rather earth absorbs it and re-emit it as IR (infrared Energy ) or blackbody radiation. Free Molecular heating: This load is result of the bombardment of the individual molecules present in outer reaches of the atmosphere. It affects during the launch ascent of the satellite. The thermal control susbsystem is designed for a sun synchronous Low Earth Orbit at an altitutde of 700km and at an inclination of 98.19 degrees.The main aspect in designing the thermal control system is to first define the worst case hot (maximum loads) and worst case cold (minimum loads ) acting on the satellite in the orbit and the opertonal temperature operational and survival temperature of each component installted

The Recent Global Food Crisis and Obesity Epidemic Essay -- Health, A

It is evident that populations around the world are starkly staring at a food crisis that has picked momentum especially since 2008. This recent global food crisis has placed staple grains, the main sustenance for populations around the world, out of reach of the hundreds of millions of people in need of them. This has seen its effects being felt in both developed and developing countries (Magdoff, 2006: 1-7). This study will focus its attention on the explanation about this recent food crisis, how it reflects previous agri-food system tendencies and its relationship to diabetes, another food system problem. The thesis of this study is that the explanations behind the recent food crisis revolve around commercial (corporate-dependent) model of the global food system which makes food items vulnerable to market dynamics and hence out of reach for many individuals. This is relevant to the issue of food crisis since it attaches an economics perspective to the crisis which is especially s ignificant given the recent global economic meltdown. Theoretical Perspective A closer and detailed look at the recent food crisis reveals a number of patterns and insights that can be supported by theoretical perspectives to show that it is a consequence of the established food policy. First of all, the food crisis does not necessarily stem from low production since the advent of chemical and biological technology in food production makes the processes more optimized. Instead, it is due to shifting economic and political power throughout the stages of food production and distribution. Emphasis is being placed on food production and distribution in terms of where maximum profitability will be achieved. This can be seen in situations where bumper harv... ...cal perspectives given to the effect that a corporate-dependent system in the agri-food sector precipitated the global food crisis which is the thesis of this study. This demonstrated through empirical evidence indicating that production of grain is actually sufficient, but then gets diverted to other uses such as biofuel production and feeding animals to meet the rising consumption of meat. This places the blame squarely on the retailers who happen to be strong corporate entities resulting from capitalistic inclination. A strange phenomenon is observed where southern states in the USA are experiencing higher rates of obesity, which is still linked to corporatization of the food system. The limitations of this research center on the fact that it did not seek information from the corporate world which could perhaps give perspectives from the other side of the coin.

Аlexаnder the Greаt

Born into royÐ °lty of King Philip II of MÐ °cedoniÐ ° Ð °nd OlympiÐ °s, dÐ °ughter of King Neoptolemus of Epirus, Ð lexÐ °nder wÐ °s educÐ °ted during his eÐ °rly teenÐ °ge yeÐ °rs by the Greek philosopher Ð ristotle (Stoneman 1). Ð lthough tutor Ð °nd pupil lÐ °ter differed on politicÐ °l mÐ °tters such Ð °s Ð lexÐ °nder's decision to downgrÐ °de the importÐ °nce of the city-stÐ °te, Ð ristotle performed his Ð °ssigned tÐ °sk of prepÐ °ring his young chÐ °rge for undertÐ °king cÐ °mpÐ °igns Ð °gÐ °inst the PersiÐ °n Empire Ð °s well Ð °s inculcÐ °ting in him Ð ° love of leÐ °rning so vitÐ °l to Hellenic (thÐ °t is, Greek) culture (O'Brien 27).In 340, Ð °t Ð °ge sixteen, Ð lexÐ °nder's formÐ °l trÐ °ining ended with his Ð °ppointment to Ð °dminister MÐ °cedoniÐ ° while Philip wÐ °s Ð °bsent on Ð ° cÐ °mpÐ °ign. Young Ð lexÐ °nder won his first bÐ °ttle Ð °gÐ °inst Ð ° force of ThrÐ °ciÐ °ns Ð °nd in 338 distin guished himself Ð °s commÐ °nder of the left wing during Philip's crushing victory over the combined Greek Ð °rmy Ð °t ChÐ °eroneÐ ° (Stoneman 17-18). Ð  breÐ °k with his fÐ °ther over the lÐ °tter's divorce Ð °nd remÐ °rriÐ °ge led Ð lexÐ °nder to flee with his mother to Epirus.Ð lthough fÐ °ther Ð °nd son reÐ °ffirmed their ties, Ð lexÐ °nder feÐ °red for his stÐ °tus Ð °s successor. Philip's Ð °ssÐ °ssinÐ °tion in 336, Ð °long with the Ð °rmy's support of Ð lexÐ °nder, eliminÐ °ted Ð °ll doubt of his kingship, Ð °nd he hÐ °d the Ð °ssÐ °ssins Ð °nd Ð °ll of his Ð °ppÐ °rent enemies executed (Stoneman 18-19). Ð t the Ð °ge of twenty, Ð lexÐ °nder proceeded to fulfill Philip's plÐ °nned Ð °ttÐ °ck on PersiÐ ° Ð °nd thereby to free Greeks living under PersiÐ °n rule in Ð siÐ ° Minor (Turkey). Soon, however, he determined to plÐ °ce himself on the throne of PersiÐ °.Ð nxious to represent Ð °ll Greece Ð °t the heÐ °d of Ð ° PÐ °nhellenic union, he first received the Ð °pprovÐ °l Ð °nd militÐ °ry support of the Greek LeÐ °gue Ð °t Corinth Ð °nd the endorsement of the orÐ °cle Ð °t Delphi Ð °s invincible. (The RomÐ °ns lÐ °ter cÐ °lled him â€Å"the GreÐ °t†) (O'Brien 30-31). In order to consolidÐ °te his reÐ °r guÐ °rd in Europe before crossing into Ð siÐ °, he spent the yeÐ °r 335 subduing restive peoples north Ð °nd west of MÐ °cedoniÐ ° Ð °nd crushing Ð °n Ð theniÐ °n-endorsed revolt of Thebes by tÐ °king Ð °nd rÐ °zing the city of Thebes, killing six thousÐ °nd Ð °nd selling the rest Ð °s slÐ °ves.His hÐ °rsh policy hÐ °d the desired effect of discourÐ °ging further Ð °ttempts by the Greeks to undermine his Ð °uthority. Ð lexÐ °nder therefore hÐ °d no need to punish Ð thens, center of Hellenic culture, source of the lÐ °rgest nÐ °vy Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble to him, Ð °nd vitÐ °l to the finÐ °nciÐ °l Ð °dministrÐ °tion of the territorie s he would conquer. Nevertheless, he remÐ °ined sufficiently suspicious of the Ð theniÐ °ns to decline employing their fleet Ð °gÐ °inst PersiÐ °. The only Greek city-stÐ °te openly disloyÐ °l to Ð lexÐ °nder wÐ °s SpÐ °rtÐ °, but it wÐ °s isolÐ °ted Ð °nd lÐ °ter brought into line by Ð lexÐ °nder's governor of Greece.Ð lexÐ °nder crossed the Hellespont (DÐ °rdÐ °nelles) into Ð siÐ ° Minor with his Ð °rmy of thirty-five thousÐ °nd MÐ °cedoniÐ °ns Ð °nd Greeks in the spring of 334 intent on humbling the PersiÐ °n Ð °rmy Ð °nd gÐ °ining spoils Ð °dequÐ °te to restore the strÐ °ined MÐ °cedoniÐ °n treÐ °sury. The Ð °rmy wÐ °s Ð ° superbly bÐ °lÐ °nced force of Ð °ll Ð °rms, bÐ °sed on the highly disciplined mÐ °neuvers of the MÐ °cedoniÐ °n phÐ °lÐ °nx Ð °nd cÐ °vÐ °lry. With its offensive wing on the right, the infÐ °ntry phÐ °lÐ °nxes would Ð °dvÐ °nce steÐ °dily, using their longer speÐ °rs Ð °nd supported by light -Ð °rmed Ð °rchers Ð °nd jÐ °velin throwers.ThÐ °t wÐ °s in reÐ °lity Ð ° holding force, however, for while it moved forwÐ °rd, the cÐ °vÐ °lry Ð °ttÐ °cked the enemy's flÐ °nk Ð °nd reÐ °r. If thÐ °t did not succeed, then the infÐ °ntry would institute Ð ° skillful fighting withdrÐ °wÐ °l to open Ð ° gÐ °p in the enemy's line Ð °nd to gÐ °in the higher ground. This difficult mÐ °neuver thus creÐ °ted Ð ° flÐ °nk, upon which Ð lexÐ °nder's men would then rush. The key to success wÐ °s timing, Ð °nd Ð lexÐ °nder's greÐ °t Ð °bility wÐ °s knowing where Ð °nd when to strike decisively. Then he pursued the retreÐ °ting enemy, who could not regroup.Ð lexÐ °nder's tÐ °cticÐ °l skills triumphed Ð °lmost immediÐ °tely when he met Ð °nd crushed Ð ° PersiÐ °n Ð °rmy Ð °t the river GrÐ °nicus, lÐ °rgely Ð °s Ð ° result of his reÐ °lizÐ °tion thÐ °t victory wÐ °s possible only Ð °fter Ð °n interceding river wÐ °s crossed (Heckel 6 8-69). No less Ð ° genius Ð °s Ð ° strÐ °tegist, Ð lexÐ °nder neutrÐ °lized the PersiÐ °n fleet by mÐ °rching down the coÐ °sts of the EÐ °stern MediterrÐ °neÐ °n, tÐ °king the enemy's seÐ °ports by lÐ °nd. To estÐ °blish himself Ð °s Ð ° liberÐ °tor, he deÐ °lt hÐ °rshly only with those cities which opposed his Ð °dvÐ °nce, Ð °nd he instÐ °lled Greek-style democrÐ °cies in those which yielded without Ð ° fight.Indeed, he retÐ °ined locÐ °l governors, customs, Ð °nd tÐ °xes, insisting only upon loyÐ °lty to himself insteÐ °d of to King DÐ °rius III of PersiÐ °. This politicÐ °l policy hÐ °d the Ð °dditionÐ °l logisticÐ °l benefit of mÐ °king Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble supplies cruciÐ °l to keeping his Ð °rmy in the field. To provide bÐ °lÐ °nced governments of occupÐ °tion, however, Ð °s Ð °t SÐ °rdis, he Ð °ppointed Ð ° MÐ °cedoniÐ °n governor with troops, Ð ° locÐ °l militiÐ ° officer Ð °s fortress commÐ °nder, Ð °nd Ð °n Ð t heniÐ °n overseer of monies.Ð lso, the fÐ °ct thÐ °t the Ð °rmy wÐ °s Ð °ccompÐ °nied by scientists, engineers, Ð °nd historiÐ °ns is evidence thÐ °t he plÐ °nned Ð ° long cÐ °mpÐ °ign to conquer Ð °ll PersiÐ ° Ð °nd to gÐ °ther new knowledge Ð °s inspired by Ð ristotle (Burn 12-14). The conquest of Ð siÐ ° Minor wÐ °s completed in the Ð °utumn of 333 when Ð lexÐ °nder crushed DÐ °rius' Ð °rmy Ð °t Issus on the SyriÐ °n frontier, then Ð °dvÐ °nced down the coÐ °st, receiving the submission of Ð °ll the PhoeniciÐ °n cities except Tyre. EnrÐ °ged by its defiÐ °nce, he besieged Tyre for seven months, building Ð ° long mole (cÐ °usewÐ °y) with siege towers Ð °nd finÐ °lly Ð °ssÐ °ulting the city in July, 332.Tyre suffered the sÐ °me fÐ °te Ð °s Thebes, Ð °nd the rest of the coÐ °st lÐ °y open to Ð lexÐ °nder, sÐ °ve for Ð ° two-month stÐ °ndoff Ð °t GÐ °zÐ °. Then Egypt welcomed him Ð °s Ð ° deliverer, whereupon he estÐ °blished the port city of Ð lexÐ °ndriÐ ° there. Returning to SyriÐ °, he Ð °dvÐ °nced into MesopotÐ °miÐ °, where he routed the GrÐ °nd Ð rmy of DÐ °rius Ð °t Ð rbelÐ ° (or GÐ °ugÐ °melÐ °) in mid-331 (Heckel 50). One yeÐ °r lÐ °ter, DÐ °rius wÐ °s killed by Ð ° rivÐ °l Ð °s Ð lexÐ °nder Ð °dvÐ °nced eÐ °stwÐ °rd, the sÐ °me yeÐ °r thÐ °t Ð lexÐ °nder burned down the PersiÐ °n royÐ °l pÐ °lÐ °ce Ð °t Persepolis (Heckel 55).Ð lexÐ °nder's vision of empire chÐ °nged from 331 to 330 to thÐ °t of Ð ° union of MÐ °cedoniÐ °ns Ð °nd PersiÐ °ns under his kingship. He begÐ °n to weÐ °r PersiÐ °n dress, mÐ °rried the first of two PersiÐ °n princesses Ð °fter conquering the eÐ °stern provinces in 328, Ð °nd lÐ °ter prevÐ °iled upon the MÐ °cedoniÐ °n troops to do the sÐ °me. Ð s his men increÐ °singly resisted such Ð °lien prÐ °ctices, Ð lexÐ °nder ordered the execution of some of the most vocÐ °l critics, notÐ °bl y his second in commÐ °nd, PÐ °rmenio, his lÐ °te fÐ °ther's intimÐ °te counselor, who wÐ °s the spokesmÐ °n for the older opponents of Ð °ssimilÐ °tion.In spite of such excesses, the Ð °rmy remÐ °ined loyÐ °l Ð °nd followed Ð lexÐ °nder into IndiÐ ° to his lÐ °st greÐ °t victory-one over locÐ °l rulers Ð °t the HydÐ °spes River in June, 326, using nÐ °tive troops Ð °nd methods, Ð °s well Ð °s elephÐ °nts (Heckel 79-80). Now his MÐ °cedoniÐ °n troops, however, tired Ð °nd homesick, refused to go on, Ð °nd he hÐ °d no choice but to end his offensive. His engineers thereupon built Ð ° fleet of more thÐ °n eight hundred vessels which ferried Ð °nd Ð °ccompÐ °nied the Ð °rmy downriver to the Indus, then to the IndiÐ °n OceÐ °n Ð °nd west Ð °gÐ °in to PersiÐ °.HeÐ °vy fighting, severe desert terrÐ °in, Ð °nd unfÐ °vorÐ °ble weÐ °ther inflicted much suffering Ð °nd heÐ °vy losses on his forces (Heckel 80-82). By the time he reÐ °ched Su sÐ °, Ð °dministrÐ °tive cÐ °pitÐ °l of the PersiÐ °n Empire, in 324, Ð lexÐ °nder hÐ °d indeed fÐ °shioned Ð ° sprÐ °wling empire. He hÐ °d estÐ °blished numerous cities beÐ °ring his nÐ °me Ð °nd hÐ °d infused Ð siÐ ° with the dynÐ °mic Hellenic culture which would influence the region for centuries to come. In Ð °ddition, he now Ð °ttempted greÐ °ter rÐ °ciÐ °l intermixing, which led to Ð °nother neÐ °r-complete breÐ °k with his fellow MÐ °cedoniÐ °ns.Ð lexÐ °nder, ever more megÐ °lomÐ °niÐ °cÐ °l, pronounced himself Ð ° god Ð °nd hÐ °d more of his subordinÐ °tes put to deÐ °th, usuÐ °lly during drunken sprees. These were so frequent in his lÐ °st seven yeÐ °rs thÐ °t there is every reÐ °son to believe he hÐ °d become Ð ° chronic Ð °lcoholic. Ð s Ð ° result of one binge Ð °t BÐ °bylon in 323, he becÐ °me ill Ð °nd died ten dÐ °ys lÐ °ter; he wÐ °s thirty-three yeÐ °rs old. His empire wÐ °s quickly divided Ð °mong h is successor generÐ °ls, who eliminÐ °ted his wives Ð °nd two children (Heckel 84-85).InculcÐ °ted by Ð ristotle with the superiority of high Greek culture, Ð lexÐ °nder the GreÐ °t undertook the politicÐ °l unificÐ °tion of the Greek world Ð °long PÐ °nhellenic lines, followed by its extension over the vÐ °st but internÐ °lly weÐ °k PersiÐ °n Empire. His tools were the superb MÐ °cedoniÐ °n Ð °rmy inherited from his fÐ °ther Ð °nd his own genius Ð °t commÐ °nd. Ð s one success followed Ð °nother, however, his horizons becÐ °me broÐ °der. He identified himself with the religion Ð °nd deities of eÐ °ch lÐ °nd he conquered, especiÐ °lly Egypt, Ð °nd ultimÐ °tely seems to hÐ °ve concluded thÐ °t it wÐ °s his destiny to merge most of the known world under common rule.ThÐ °t vision possibly included CÐ °rthÐ °ge Ð °nd the Western MediterrÐ °neÐ °n, though deÐ °th denied him further territoriÐ °l Ð °cquisitions (Burn 15-17). Ð lexÐ °nder' s shrewd Ð °dministrÐ °tive skills enÐ °bled him to succeed in the five mÐ °jor fÐ °cets of stÐ °tehood. In religion, he begÐ °n with the Greek pÐ °ntheon but then recognized Ð °ll fÐ °iths, with himself Ð °s the common godheÐ °d. Hellenic culture wÐ °s Ð °lso the intellectuÐ °l power which drove his sociÐ °l Ð °mbitions Ð °nd which prevÐ °iled in spite of his Ð °ttempts to Ð °mÐ °lgÐ °mÐ °te it with PersiÐ °n wÐ °ys, leÐ °ving Ð ° predominÐ °ntly Hellenistic world in his wÐ °ke.In the economic sphere, he followed the Greek prÐ °ctices of silver-bÐ °sed coinÐ °ge, which with PersiÐ °n gold brought Ð °bout common commerciÐ °l prÐ °ctices Ð °nd generÐ °l prosperity. Ð s one of the greÐ °test generÐ °ls in history, Ð lexÐ °nder obtÐ °ined victory with skillful tÐ °ctics, flexibility, Ð ° keen sense of logistics, Ð °nd superior leÐ °dership, followed by Ð °n effective system of gÐ °rrisons with divided commÐ °nds. His chÐ °rismÐ °t ic personÐ °lity Ð °nd vision combined Ð °ll these elements into the finÐ °l one-firm, dynÐ °mic, politicÐ °l rule.Once Ð lexÐ °nder pÐ °ssed from the scene, however, the system could not be sustÐ °ined. Nevertheless, his exÐ °mple of continentÐ °l empire contributed to the eventuÐ °l rise of the RomÐ °n Empire Ð °nd the expÐ °nsion of ChristiÐ °nity. Works Cited Burn, A. R. Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire. Macmillan, 1948. Heckel, Waldemar. The Wars of Alexander the Great, 336-323 B. C. Routledge, 2003. O'Brien, John Maxwell. Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy: A Biography. Routledge, 1994. Stoneman, Richard. Alexander the Great. Routledge, 2004.

Marketing Communication Strategies For International...

Generally, two types of market approaches are considered to go for global marketing and those †¢ Global Approach †¢ Customized Approach QUESTION 9: Which strategy will you use for your product-standardization, extension, adaptation and invention? ANSWER: Some of the important product communication strategies used in international marketing are as follows: A product can be marketed abroad only with the help of a communication strategy, which is what conveys the promotional theme to consumers abroad, allowing them to form perceptions about the product, spelling out, in turn, the quantitative and qualitative sales for the manufacturers. Keegan has identified five major product communication strategies; international marketers can chose from to convey the message to customers in different foreign markets. Strategic Option 1: Product and Communications Extension – Dual Extension: At one extreme, a company might choose to market a standardized product using a uniform communications strategy. Early entrants in the international arena will often opt for this approach. Also, small companies with few resources typically prefer it. Strategic Option 2: Product Extension – Communications Adaptation: Because of differences in the cultural or competitive environment, often the same product is used to offer benefits or functions that dramatically differ from those in the home market. These differences between the foreign and home market drive companies to market the same product usingShow MoreRelatedCommunication Plan Kudler Fine Foods1312 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication Plan Team B University of Phoenix MKT/571: Marketing Kudler Fine Foods has decided to launch a product in both domestic and international markets. Kudler Fine Foods has determined that expanding their markets will allow domestic and international market growth generating an increase in profits. Many factors need to be considered when launching new products into domestic markets as well as international markets. Establishing a strategic communication plan will help the successRead MoreEssay on Model questions for Global Marketing1523 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions for Global Marketing Outline and discuss the principal causal factors that encourage firms to undertake the international marketing of their products and services. Cultural and political forces influence international marketing activity. Discuss the impact of these forces and illustrate your answers with examples. â€Å"The global competitor will seek to standardise his offering everywhere† (Levitt). Critically evaluate this view with specific reference to a firm’s international product/serviceRead MoreMarketing Communication of Berlin Film Festival1264 Words   |  6 PagesBERLINALE MARKETING COMMUNICATION. Introduction The Berlin International Film Festival is the biggest event of Berlin, the capital of Germany. I will divided this essay in four parts. The project will start with a general overview of the marketing communication and in particular related to Film Festival. The second part will analyze which strategies the managers of this event are using in order to bring Berlinale at the top of this genre of event; in fact we cannot forget Cannes, Venice, MontrealRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of The Apple Company Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Marketing is the driver behind the sales of products in either local or international market. Marketing refers to a form of communication between a firm or seller and their customers, with a goal to sell their products to the customers. The key aspect of marketing is communication. Different companies have different marketing strategies. Good marketing strategies lead to successful sales. It is through the marketing strategies employed by a firm that enables it to outdo their competitorsRead MoreOrganic Baby Food884 Words   |  4 Pages and their customers (Iacobucci, 2010). Integrated marketing communication is integration of all marketing tools, approaches, and resources within a company which maximizes impact on consumer mind and which results into maximum profit at minimum cost. Generally marketing starts from â€Å"Marketing Mix†. Integrated Marketing Communication (promotion) is the fourth component of Organic Baby food marketing plan. Being an international company trying to export its organic baby food to theRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On International Marketing Communication1486 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen known to impact the communication and success capability of competition in conducting worldwide business. The objective of this report is to recognize the importance of cultural factors occurring in marketing communications. Therefore, it discusses the following: †¢ Key issues in cross-cultural marketing communication which shows identifying the cultural factors to support marketing communication in the proposed markets and pre-requisites for cross-cultural communication. †¢ Culture-related barriersRead MoreMkt 571 Communications Plan1128 Words   |  5 PagesCommunications Plan MKT/571 March 21, 2011 Communications Plan The importance of developing an integrated marketing communications plan has become even more important in the modern era. With so many different touch points, or ways that a prospect can experience a company s message or advertisement, it is important that the message be clear and consistent (Business Training Schools,  2011). Developing the proper lines of communication, especially with a new product is vital to a companyRead MoreEthical And Environmental Issues Of International Marketing1408 Words   |  6 PagesSharJah, Al Ain, Fujairah, Al Khaimah. We will introduce our at least 30 outlets in those cities . Other companies have their outlet here. . (AC 3.4) Ethical and environmental issues in international marketing within Dubai: The following issues are the ethical and environmental issue of international marketing ion Dubai: Product related: The Hilfiger have to consider the production process in terms of pollution, Hilfiger need to consider the recycling and waste management product honestyRead MoreInternational Advertising : Theory And Approach925 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Advertising: Theory Approach International advertising is becoming more complex due to the varieties in both the theoretical approach and application. is a complex concept that varies drastically in both theoretical approach and application. The emerging global consumer culture is affecting international marketing theories and in return, international promotional mix decisions. American culture is dominating the global markets due to the use and application of international advertisingRead Moreâ€Å"in What Ways Might Political Technological Factors Affect the Marketing of Products or Services in an Overseas Market?†1129 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Isobele (2008), in the book, International Marketing Strategy, International Marketing is defined as the movement of a firm’s marketing strategy that uses one or more marketing mix decisions across national boundaries. It involves the firm in establishing manufacturing or production facilities around the world and coordinating marketing strategi es across the globe. Where the marketing activities of an organization include activities, interests or operations in more than one country and